Salmon
Size / Weight / Age
Max length : 76.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9015); common length : 50.5 cm TL
male/unsexed; (Ref. 12193); max. published weight: 6,800 g (Ref. 27436); max.
reported age: 3 years (Ref. 27547)
Length at first maturity
Lm 45.0, range 40 - 50 cm
Environment
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; anadromous (Ref. 51243); depth range ? -
250 m (Ref. 50550)
Climate / Range
Subtropical; ? - 21°C (Ref. 12741); 79°N - 29°N, 5°E - 114°W (Ref. 54683)
Distribution
Arctic and Pacific drainages from Mackenzie River delta, Northwest Territories,
Canada to Sacramento River drainage, in California, USA; occasionally as far as
La Jolla, southern California; also in northeast Asia (Ref. 5723). On Asia side,
from North Korea to Jana and Lena drainages in Artic Russia. In Bering Sea north
of about 40°N and from Bering Strait northeast to Point Barrow and northwest to
Lena estuary (Ref. 59043). Introduced elsewhere. Occasionally hybridizes with
Oncorhynchus keta producing fertile offspring (Ref. 28983).
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions |
Short description
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10-15; Anal spines: 0; Anal
soft rays: 11 - 19; Vertebrae: 63 - 72. Distinguished by the presence of large
black spots on the back and on both lobes of the caudal fin; the young have no
parr marks (Ref. 27547). Body fusiform, streamlined, somewhat laterally
compressed; moderately, deeper in breeding males (Ref. 1998). Mouth terminal,
normally very little oblique but greatly deformed in breeding males, with lower
jaw enlarged, turned up at tip, mouth unable to close (Ref. 1998). Adipose fin
large; pelvic fins with axillary process (Ref. 27547). Fish in the sea are steel
blue to blue-green on the back, silver on the sides and white on the belly;
large oval spots present on the back, adipose fin and both lobes of the caudal
fin (Ref. 27547). Breeding males become dark on the back, red with brownish
green blotches on the sides; breeding females are similar but less distinctly
colored (Ref. 27547). Differs from Oncorhynchus mykiss by having the following
unique characters: anal fin with 11-15½ (usually 13½ ) branched rays; 177-240
scales in midlateral row; 26-33 gill rakers; large mature males with enormous
hump; juveniles lacking parr marks; and lacking pink to red stripe on flank
(Ref. 59043).
Biology Glossary (e.g. epibenthic)
An anadromous species which inhabits ocean and coastal streams (Ref. 5723).
Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). Pelagic at the sea. In freshwater, lives in montane and
piedmont rivers with moderate to fast current and gravel bottom. Spawns in
riffles or at head of riffles in shallow water with current up to 1.5 m/s, and
clean coarse gravel (Ref. 59043). Spends 18 months at sea after which spawning
migration to the natal river or stream occurs; but because the species is less
certain of its homing and there is a certain degree of wandering, streams as
much as 640 km from natal streams may be used (Ref. 1998, 27547). Upon emerging
from the gravel, fry immediately move downstream and remain inshore for a few
months before going out to sea. Fry may feed on nymphal and larval insects while
in fresh water, but may not feed at all. In the sea, young feed on copepods and
larvacean tunicates, its diet shifting to amphipods, euphausiids and fishes as
the fish grows (Ref. 27547). Other food include ostracods, decapod larvae,
cirripeds, tunicates, dipterous insects (Ref. 1998, 27547). Fry may be preyed
upon by birds and mammals while adults by marine mammals and large fish (Ref.
1998). Mostly sold canned (Ref. 1998) but also utilized fresh, smoked, and
frozen; also valued for caviar, especially in Japan; eaten steamed, fried,
broiled, boiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988). The smallest of the true
salmon (Ref. 12218). The Alaska Salmon fishery of this species has been
certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (http://www.msc.org/) as
well-managed and sustainable (http://www.msc.org/html/content_485.htm).